Biomarker: GDF-15

Histology type: endometrial carcinoma

Country: Norway

Region: Ulleval,

Study type: prospective study

Followed up time :

Subgroup 1 name : Low plasma level in secondary

Subgroup 1 number: 311

Subgroup 2 name: High plasma level in secondary

Subgroup 2 number: 155

Conclusion: Based on findings indicated in a primary investigation set and confirmed in the large secondary validation set, we report for the first time plasma GDF-15 as a biomarker for endometrial cancer phenotype, including presence of lymph node metastasis and reduced survival. Its applicability as a predictor of metastatic nodes and in monitoring treatment of endometrial cancer needs to be further studied.

Sample type : tissue

Sample method: immunoassay

Expression pattern : high expression

Funtion Uniprot: Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses (PubMed:28953886, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846098, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:23468844, PubMed:29046435). Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL-expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem (PubMed:28953886, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846098, PubMed:28846099). It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions (PubMed:28953886). On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity)

UniProt ID: Q99988

UniProt Link: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q99988/entry

Molecular function from UniProt:

Tissue specificity from UniProt: Highly expressed in placenta, with lower levels in prostate and colon and some expression in kidney (PubMed:9348093). Detected in plasma (at protein level) (PubMed:28572090, PubMed:29046435).

Subcellular UniProt: #Secreted

Alternative name from UniProt:

Recommended name: Growth/differentiation factor 15

Gene name from HGNC: GDF15 (MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF, PLAB, PTGFB)

HPA class: Cancer-related genes Disease related genes Plasma proteins

AlphaFold DB: Q99988

AlphaFold Link: https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q99988

Induction: Expression is up-regulated by obesity.

HPA link: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000130513-GDF15

Tissue specificity RNA from HPA: Tissue enhanced (kidney, urinary bladder)

Tissue expression from HPA: Cytoplasmic expression in placental trophoblasts, prostate, urothelium and fractions of cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

Single cell type specificity Cell type enhanced (Syncytiotrophoblasts, Urothelial cells, Club cells)

Immune cell specificity: Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil)

Subcellular summary HPA Located in Golgi apparatus

Cancer prognostic summary HPA Gene product is not prognostic

Pathology link: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000130513-GDF15/pathology

Pathology endo: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000130513-GDF15/pathology/endometrial+cancer

Disease: No disease ID

Note1: Plasma levels are increased in children with concomitant heart disease and failure to thrive but not in children with heart disease and normal body weight

OMIM: 605312

OMIM link2: https://www.omim.org/entry/605312

HGNC ID: HGNC:30142

HGNC link: https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:30142