Biomarker: COX-2

Histology type: rare type

Country: Israel

Region: Tel Aviv

Followed up time :

Conclusion: In view of the role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis, our finding that COX-2 expression may confer a better survival in patients with carcinosarcoma is intriguing. Larger studies are indicated to elucidate the effect of COX-2 expression on survival in patients with carcinosarcoma because this may have therapeutic implications.

Sample type : tissue

Sample method: immunohistochemical staining

Expression pattern : expression(high staining score)

Expression elevation: Cyclooxygenase-2 immunohistochemical staining of more than 10% of the cells was considered positive. The staining was assessed by the pathologists according to two parameters: the evaluated intensity of staining and the proportion of cytoplasmic stained cells. Staining of more than 10% of the cells was considered positive. The staining intensity was graded on a 0–3 scale, in which 0 represents no detectable staining, and 1, 2 and 3 represent faint, moderate and intense staining, respectively. A scoring index was then calculated by multiplying the intensity grade by the percentage of stained cells. The score was considered low when the index was equal or less than 1 and high when it was more than 1.

Funtion Uniprot: Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.

UniProt ID: P00403

UniProt Link: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P00403/entry

Biological function from UniProt: #Electron transport #Respiratory chain #Transport

Molecular function from UniProt:

Subcellular UniProt: #Membrane #Mitochondrion #Mitochondrion inner membrane

Alternative name from UniProt:

Catalytic activity: 4 Fe(II)-[cytochrome c] + 8 H+(in) + O2 = 4 Fe(III)-[cytochrome c] + 4 H+(out) + 2 H2O，This reaction proceeds in the forward direction.

Recommended name: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2

Gene name from HGNC: MT-CO2 (CO2, COX2, MTCO2)

HPA class: Disease related genes Enzymes Human disease related genes Metabolic proteins Potential drug targets Transporters

AlphaFold DB: P00403

AlphaFold Link: https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/P00403

HPA link: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198712-MT-CO2

Tissue specificity RNA from HPA: Tissue enhanced (brain, heart muscle)

Tissue expression from HPA: Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern.

Single cell type specificity Cell type enriched (Cardiomyocytes)

Immune cell specificity: Low immune cell specificity

Cancer prognostic summary HPA Prognostic marker in liver cancer (favorable) and pancreatic cancer (favorable)

Pathology link: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198712-MT-CO2/pathology

Pathology endo: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198712-MT-CO2/pathology/endometrial+cancer

Phenotype ID: 220110;

Disease: Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D)

Note1: The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry

OMIM: 516040

OMIM link1: https://www.omim.org/entry/220110

OMIM link2: https://www.omim.org/entry/516040

HGNC ID: HGNC:7421

HGNC link: https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:7421